- Updated on August 3, 2021
References (Western doctors who treated absence spells and seizures with breathing techniques)
Magarian GJ, Olney RK, Absence spells. Hyperventilation syndrome as a previously unrecognized cause, Am J Med. 1984 May;76(5):905-9.
Bruno-Golden B, Holmes GL, Hyperventilation-induced seizures in mentally impaired children, Seizure. 1993 Sep;2(3):229-33.
Fried R, Rubin SR, Carlton RM, Fox MC, Behavioral control of intractable idiopathic seizures: I. Self-regulation of end-tidal carbon dioxide, Psychosom Med. 1984 Jul-Aug;46(4):315-31.
Medical references for calming CO2 effects on brain cells
Brown EB, Physiological effects of hyperventilation, Physiological Reviews 1953 October, Vol. 33 No. 4; p. 445-471.
Krnjevic K, Randic M and Siesjo B, Cortical CO2 tension and neuronal excitability, Journal of Physiology 1965, No. 176: p.105-122.
Balestrino M, Somjen GG, Concentration of carbon dioxide, interstitial pH and synaptic transmission in hippocampal formation of the rat, Journal of Physiology, 1988, No. 396: p. 247-266.
 Huttunen J, Tolvanen H, Heinonen E, Voipio J, Wikstrom H, Ilmoniemi RJ, Hari R, Kaila K, Effects of voluntary hyperventilation on cortical sensory responses. Electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic studies, Experimental Brain Research 1999, Vol. 125 No. 3: p. 248-254.
Dulla CG, Dobelis P, Pearson T, Frenguelli BG, Staley KJ, Masino SA. Adenosine and ATP link PCO2 to cortical excitability via pH. Neuron. 2005 Dec 22;48(6):1011-23.
Higashi H, Kano T, Shimoji K, Morioka T, Sances A. Effects of acute hypocapnia and hypercapnia on neuromuscular transmission and on monosynaptic spinal reflex in wakeful man.Br J Anaesth. 1972 Nov;44(11):1128-32.
References (Overbreathing and irregular breathing triggerseizures)
Wirrell EC, Camfield PR, Gordon KE, Camfield CS, Dooley JM, Hanna BD, Will a critical level of hyperventilation-induced hypocapnia always induce an absence seizure? Epilepsia. 1996 May;37(5):459-62.
Jonas J, Vignal JP, Baumann C, Anxionnat JF, Muresan M, Vespignani H, Maillard L, Effect of hyperventilation on seizure activation: potentiation by antiepileptic drug tapering, J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2010 Jun 20. [Epub ahead of print]
Ma X, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Liu X, Sun H, Qin J, Wu X, Liang J, Childhood absence epilepsy: Electroclinical features and diagnostic criteria, Brain Dev. 2010 Apr 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Yang ZX, Liu XY, Qin J, Zhang YH, Wu Y, Jiang YW, [Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics of epilepsy with myoclonic absences] [Article in Chinese], Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2009 Nov;47(11):862-6.
Yang Z, Liu X, Qin J, Jiang Y, Neck myoclonia with absence seizures: report of 3 cases, J Child Neurol. 2009 Aug;24(8):1026-9.
Arain AM, Arbogast PG, Abou-Khalil BW, Utility of daily supervised hyperventilation during long-term video-EEG monitoring, J Clin Neurophysiol. 2009 Feb;26(1):17-20.
Sawayama E, Takahashi M, Inoue A, Nakajima K, Kano A, Sawayama T, Okutomi T, Miyaoka H. Moderate hyperventilation prolongs electroencephalogram seizure duration of the first electroconvulsive therapy. J ECT. 2008 Sep;24(3):195-8.
Silva W, Giagante B, Saizar R, D’Alessio L, Oddo S, Consalvo D, Saidón P, Kochen S, Clinical features and prognosis of nonepileptic seizures in a developing country, Epilepsia. 2001 Mar;42(3):398-401.
Panayiotopoulos CP. Treatment of typical absence seizures and related epileptic syndromes. Paediatr Drugs. 2001;3(5):379-403.
Marrosu F, Puligheddu M, Giagheddu M, Cossu G, Piga M, Correlation between cerebral perfusion and hyperventilation enhanced focal spiking activity, Epilepsy Res. 2000 Jun;40(1):79-86.
Steinhoff BJ, Stodieck SR, Zivcec Z, Schreiner R, von Maffei C, Plendl H, Paulus W. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the brain in patients with mesiotemporal epileptic foci. Clin Electroencephalogr. 1993 Jan;24(1):1-5.
Bergsholm P, Gran L, Bleie H, Seizure duration in unilateral electroconvulsive therapy. The effect of hypocapnia induced by hyperventilation and the effect of ventilation with oxygen, Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1984 Feb;69(2):121-8.
Horyd W, Gryziak J, Niedzielska K, Zielinski JJ. [Effect of physical exertion on seizure discharges in the EEG of epilepsy patients] [Article in Polish] Neurol Neurochir Pol. 1981 Sep-Dec;15(5-6):545-52.
